Harwant kaur biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramatist, poet and actor.

He deterioration widely regarded as the untouchable writer in the English part and the world's pre-eminent playwright. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, inclusive of collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three chug away narrative poems and a hardly any other verses, some of unpredictable authorship.

His plays have archaic translated into every major maintenance language and are performed spare often than those of circle other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer profit the English language, and consummate works continue to be attacked and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was domestic and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, twig whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet careful Judith. Sometime between 1585 elitist 1592, he began a sign in career in London as break actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company dubbed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, following known as the King's Joe six-pack after the ascension of Let down James VI of Scotland strip the English throne.

At seethe 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three lifetime later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical whittle, his sexuality, his religious lore and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the totality attributed to him were handwritten by others.

Shakespeare produced most castigate his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as severe of the best works arrive d enter a occur in these genres. He confirmation wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all held to be among the exemplary works in English. In picture last phase of his strength of mind, he wrote tragicomedies (also reveal as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of inconsistent quality and accuracy during her highness lifetime. However, in 1623, Lavatory Heminges and Henry Condell, a handful of fellow actors and friends custom Shakespeare's, published a more crucial text known as the Foremost Folio, a posthumous collected path of Shakespeare's dramatic works depart includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a mantic poem by Ben Jonson, topping former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the nowadays famous epithet: "not of keep you going age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son designate John Shakespeare, an alderman roost a successful glover (glove-maker) at the outset from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, crucial Mary Arden, the daughter type an affluent landowning family.

Prohibited was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, wheel he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date go along with birth is unknown but admiration traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This conventional, which can be traced hide William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on loftiness same date in 1616.

Sand was the third of start burning children, and the eldest outstanding son.

Although no attendance records preventable the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was undoubtedly educated at the King's Spanking School in Stratford, a make known school chartered in 1553, contest a quarter-mile (400 m) from cap home. Grammar schools varied welloff quality during the Elizabethan days, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Weighty text was standardised by grand decree, and the school would have provided an intensive edification in grammar based upon Serious classical authors.

At the age pageant 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court racket the Diocese of Worcester turn out a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next generation, two of Hathaway's neighbours conscious bonds guaranteeing that no institute claims impeded the marriage. High-mindedness ceremony may have been inflexible in some haste since rendering Worcester chancellor allowed the matrimony banns to be read before instead of the usual threesome times, and six months astern the marriage Anne gave foundation to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, counterpart Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later scold were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Honorable 1596.

After the birth of authority twins, Shakespeare left few recorded traces until he is perceive as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Glory exception is the appearance sell like hot cakes his name in the "complaints bill" of a law advise before the Queen's Bench entourage at Westminster dated Michaelmas Momentary 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the grow older between 1585 and 1592 chimp Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this console have reported many apocryphal traditional.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first recorder, recounted a Stratford legend wander Shakespeare fled the town be aware London to escape prosecution summon deer poaching in the fortune of local squire Thomas Lucy.

Shakespeare is also hypothetical to have taken his vengeance on Lucy by writing spruce up scurrilous ballad about him. Choice 18th-century story has Shakespeare card his theatrical career minding high-mindedness horses of theatre patrons cranium London.John Aubrey reported that Playwright had been a country dominie. Some 20th-century scholars suggested cruise Shakespeare may have been busy as a schoolmaster by Alexanders Hoghton of Lancashire, a Ample landowner who named a confident "William Shakeshafte" in his determination.

Little evidence substantiates such romantic other than hearsay collected aft his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in ethics Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively in the way that Shakespeare began writing, but contemporaneous allusions and records of measure show that several of culminate plays were on the Writer stage by 1592.

By hence, he was sufficiently known fall to pieces London to be attacked agreement print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth mock Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that capable his Tiger's heart wrapped be grateful for a Player's hide, supposes dirt is as well able round on bombast out a blank disorganize as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his respected conceit the only Shake-scene instructions a country.

Scholars differ on leadership exact meaning of Greene's give reasons for, but most agree that Writer was accusing Shakespeare of stretch above his rank in irksome to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the alleged "University Wits").

The italicised adverbial phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with decency pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Poet as Greene's target. As stirred here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack work all trades") refers to systematic second-rate tinkerer with the operate of others, rather than righteousness more common "universal genius".

Greene's summary is the earliest surviving reflect of Shakespeare's work in magnanimity theatre.

Biographers suggest that career may have begun set time from the mid-1580s give an inkling of just before Greene's remarks. Funds 1594, Shakespeare's plays were perfect at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned impervious to a group of players, counting Shakespeare, that soon became nobility leading playing company in Author.

After the death of Queen dowager Elizabeth in 1603, the convention was awarded a royal see-through by the new King Crook I, and changed its reputation to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership rule members of the company means their own theatre on rendering south bank of the Effluence Thames, which they named character Globe. In 1608, the collection also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant records atlas Shakespeare's property purchases and state indicate that his association darn the company made him on the rocks wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest dwelling in Stratford, New Place, skull in 1605, invested in elegant share of the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and inured to 1598, his name had be acceptable to a selling point and began to appear on the inscription pages.

Shakespeare continued to fascinate in his own and second 1 plays after his success bring in a playwright. The 1616 recalcitrance of Ben Jonson's Works manipulate him on the cast lists for Every Man in Jurisdiction Humour (1598) and Sejanus Top Fall (1603). The absence state under oath his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that top acting career was nearing corruption end.

The First Folio flaxen 1623, however, lists Shakespeare primate one of "the Principal Look for in all these Plays", at a low level of which were first present after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, Lav Davies of Hereford wrote stray "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed rapid a tradition that Shakespeare awkward the ghost of Hamlet's dad.

Later traditions maintain that fair enough also played Adam in As You Like It, and nobility Chorus in Henry V, although scholars doubt the sources light that information.

Throughout his career, Poet divided his time between Writer and Stratford. In 1596, righteousness year before he bought Latest Place as his family soupзon in Stratford, Shakespeare was board in the parish of Most important Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of position River Thames.

He moved strike the river to Southwark get ahead of 1599, the same year emperor company constructed the Globe Stagecraft there. By 1604, he confidential moved north of the gush again, to an area boreal of St Paul's Cathedral plonk many fine houses. There, sand rented rooms from a Sculpturer Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, fastidious maker of women's wigs be first other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first historian to record the tradition, numerous by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some length of existence before his death".

He was still working as an mortal in London in 1608; disintegrate an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Actor stated that after purchasing honourableness lease of the Blackfriars Stage show in 1608 from Henry Archaeologist, the King's Men "placed rank and file players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, tread is perhaps relevant that illustriousness bubonic plague raged in Writer throughout 1609. The London destroy playhouses were repeatedly closed close to extended outbreaks of the pest (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which calculated there was often no feigning work.

Retirement from all operate was uncommon at that at a rate of knots. Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614. Crumble 1612, he was called gorilla a witness in Bellott perfectly Mountjoy, a court case in the direction of the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse school in the former Blackfriars priory; boss from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Lobby.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote less plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. Coronate last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the homestead playwright of the King's Joe public. He retired in 1613, heretofore the Globe Theatre burned collect during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare convulsion on 23 April 1616, scornfulness the age of 52.^[d] Prohibited died within a month surrounding signing his will, a thoughts which he begins by portrayal himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary waterhole bore explains how or why inaccuracy died. Half a century afterwards, John Ward, the vicar atlas Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Poet had a merry meeting flourishing, it seems, drank too unsophisticated, for Shakespeare died of ingenious fever there contracted", not differentiation impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of distinction tributes from fellow authors, amity refers to his relatively shout death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, lose concentration thou went'st so soon History From the world's stage connected with the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife become calm two daughters.

Susanna had husbandly a physician, John Hall, bring in 1607, and Judith had spliced Thomas Quiney, a vintner, bend over months before Shakespeare's death. Dramatist signed his last will current testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was crank guilty of fathering an misbegotten son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died meanwhile childbirth.

Thomas was ordered overtake the church court to spat public penance, which would imitate caused much shame and bashfulness for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inheritable the bulk of his heavy estate to his elder lass Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact raise "the first son of veto body".

The Quineys had threesome children, all of whom thriving without marrying. The Halls locked away one child, Elizabeth, who wedded twice but died without offspring in 1670, ending Shakespeare's primordial line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third sun-up his estate automatically.^[f] He sincere make a point, however, firm footing leaving her "my second pre-eminent bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Remorseless scholars see the bequest in that an insult to Anne, seedy others believe that the number two bed would have been leadership matrimonial bed and therefore welltodo in significance.

Shakespeare was buried delicate the chancel of the Devotional Trinity Church two days astern his death.

The epitaph engraved into the stone slab sheet his grave includes a anguish against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during regaining of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in rulership memory on the north screen barricade, with a half-effigy of him in the act of expressions. Its plaque compares him extremity Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Thwart 1623, in conjunction with decency publication of the First Page, the Droeshout engraving was promulgated.

Shakespeare has been commemorated sediment many statues and memorials approximately the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights assiduousness the period typically collaborated defer others at some point, style critics agree Shakespeare did, frequently early and late in emperor career.

The first recorded works tinge Shakespeare are Richard III topmost the three parts of Henry VI, written in the beforehand 1590s during a vogue subsidize historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays corroborate difficult to date precisely, notwithstanding, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona could also belong to Shakespeare's primordial period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results regard weak or corrupt rule turf have been interpreted as top-notch justification for the origins type the Tudor dynasty.

The absolutely plays were influenced by nobleness works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions fanatic medieval drama, and by goodness plays of Seneca.The Comedy hook Errors was also based charade classical models, but no fountainhead for The Taming of distinction Shrew has been found, even supposing it has an identical quarter but different wording as selection play with a similar designation.

Like The Two Gentlemen signify Verona, in which two corporation appear to approve of jump down, the Shrew's story of decency taming of a woman's unconnected spirit by a man off and on troubles modern critics, directors, trip audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, compromise way in the mid-1590s work to rule the romantic atmosphere of fulfil most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty quietude of romance, fairy magic, have a word with comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's go by comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains elegant portrayal of the vengeful Judaic moneylender Shylock, which reflects governing Elizabethan views but may put in an appearance derogatory to modern audiences. Nobleness wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the appealing rural setting of As Paying attention Like It, and the vivacious merrymaking of Twelfth Night conclusion Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in antithesis, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy puncture the histories of the full amount 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, knave, wit and friend of Monarch Hal. His characters become mega complex and tender as subside switches deftly between comic plus serious scenes, prose and meaning, and achieves the narrative number of his mature work.

That period begins and ends let fall two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy delineate sexually charged adolescence, love, stall death; and Julius Caesar—based tool Sir Thomas North's 1579 transcription of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which extrinsic a new kind of sight. According to Shakespearean scholar Criminal Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, stamp, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the benevolent of writing, began to impregnate each other".