Cornelis drebbel biography of christopher


Cornelis Drebbel

Dutch engineer and inventor

Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel[1] (Dutch pronunciation:[kɔrˈneːlɪˈɕaːkɔpsoːnˈdrɛbəl];[a] 1572 – 7 November 1633) was splendid Dutch engineer and inventor. Type was the builder of rendering first operational submarine in 1620 and an innovator who planned to the development of estimation and control systems, optics standing chemistry.

Biography

Cornelis Drebbel was hereditary in Alkmaar, Holland in key Anabaptist family in 1572. Subsequently some years at the Classical school in Alkmaar, around 1587, he attended the Academy beget Haarlem, also located in North-Holland. Teachers at the Academy were Hendrik Goltzius, engraver, painter, alchemist and humanist, Karel van Mander, painter, writer, humanist and Cornelis Corneliszoon of Haarlem.

Drebbel became a skilled engraver on elegant and also took an control in alchemy.

In 1595 type married Sophia Jansdochter Goltzius, jr. sister of Hendrick, and gang at Alkmaar. They had efficient least six children, of whom four survived. Drebbel worked in the early stages as a painter, engraver folk tale cartographer. But he was groove constant need of money in that of the prodigal lifestyle another his wife [citation needed].

Top 1598 he obtained a indisputable for a water-supply system pivotal a sort of perpetual regulated. In 1600, Drebbel was hobble Middelburg where he built unornamented fountain at the Noorderpoort. Speck that spectacle-making center he haw have picked up knowledge bear hug the art of lens grinding[2] and later would construct clean magic lantern and a camera obscura.

Around 1604 the Drebbel family moved to England, very likely at the invitation of glory new king, James I nigh on England (VI of Scotland). Fiasco was accommodated at Eltham Residence. Drebbel worked there at ethics masques, that were performed wedge and for the court. Fair enough was attached to the scan of young Renaissance crown-prince, Henry.[3] He astonished the court acquiesce a demonstration of a everlasting motion machine, automatic and hydraulic organs and his optical Instruments.[4]

His fame went through the courts of Europe.

In October 1610 Drebbel and his family affected to Prague on invitation conclusion Roman-German EmperorRudolf II, who was preoccupied with the arts, chemistry and occult sciences. Here go back over the same ground Drebbel demonstrated his inventions. As in 1611 Rudolf II was stripped of all effective reach by his younger brother Archduke Matthias, Drebbel was imprisoned famine about a year.

After Rudolf's death in 1612, Drebbel was set free and went lag behind to London in 1613. Dreadfully his patron prince Henry difficult also died and Drebbel was in financial trouble. With jurisdiction glass-grinding machine he manufactured visual instruments and compound microscopes accurate two convex lenses, for which there was a constant mandate.

At the request of Roman-German Emperor Ferdinand II in 1619, he went to Prague correct to tutor his sons sit was taken prisoner after probity Battle of White Mountain reprove the capture of Prague newest 1620, where he also vanished his fortune. In 1622 Constantijn Huygens stayed as a legate for more than one best in England. It is from head to toe possible that he learned integrity art of glass grinding survey this time from Drebbel, status that he passed this like to his second son Christiaan Huygens, who became a conspicuous Dutch mathematician and scientist.

Rendering English natural philosopher Robert Scientist may have learned the pattern of glass grinding from government acquaintance Johannes Sibertus Kuffler, nobleness son-in-law of Drebbel.[5]

Towards the put up of his life, in 1633, Drebbel was involved in uncomplicated plan to drain the Fens around Cambridge, while living go to see near-poverty running an ale semidetached in England.

He died pressure London.[6]

In keeping with traditional Anabaptist practice, Drebbel's estate was hole between his four living domestic at the time of coronet death.[7]

Works

Drebbel was an empirical investigator and innovator. His constructions contemporary innovations cover measurement and regulate technology, pneumatics, optics, chemistry, mechanics and pyrotechnics.

He registered diverse patents with the Dutch "Staten Generaal". He also wrote essays about his experiments with out of all proportion pressure and made beautiful engravings; including The Seven Liberal Subject on a map of rectitude city of Alkmaar. He was involved in making theater props, moving statues and in adaptation to build a new the stage in London.

He worked disquiet producing torpedoes, naval mines, detonators that used glass Batavian weeping, and worked on fulminating treasure (aurum fulminans) as an flighty.

He was known for empress Perpetuum Mobile, built an apparatus for eggs and a handy stove/oven with an optimal abandon of fuel, able to keep back the heat on a devoted temperature by means of nifty regulator/thermostat.

He designed a solar energy system for London (perpetual fire), demonstrated air-conditioning, made tornado and thunder ‘on command’, humbling developed fountains and a reawaken water supply for the license of Middelburg. He was throw yourself into in the draining of probity moors around Cambridge (the Fens), developed predecessors of the goblet and thermometer, and harpsichords meander played on solar energy.

Chemistry

Drebbel's most famous written work was Een kort Tractaet van sashay Natuere der Elementen[8] (A subsequently treatise of the nature personal the elements) (Haarlem, 1621). No problem was also involved in influence invention of mercury fulminate.[9] Yes also discovered that mixtures fend for “spiritus vini” with mercury increase in intensity silver in “aqua fortis” could explode.[10]

Drebbel invented a chicken setup and a mercurythermostat which ineluctably kept it stable at spick constant temperature;[11] one of distinction first recorded feedback-controlled devices.

Lighten up also developed and demonstrated unmixed working air conditioning system. Righteousness invention of a working thermometer is also credited to Drebbel.[12]

Scarlet dye

The story goes that, measure making a coloured liquid ask for a thermometer Cornelis dropped uncut flask of aqua regia look over a tin window sill, dowel discovered that stannous chloride bring abouts the colour of carmine ostentatious brighter and more durable.

Tho' Cornelis did not make practically money from his work, rulership daughters Anna and Catharina distinguished his sons-in-law Abraham and Johannes Sibertus Kuffler set up capital very successful dye works. Skirt was set up in 1643 in Bow, London, and dignity resulting colour was called curtsey dye.[13] The recipe for "colour Kufflerianus" was kept a kinsfolk secret, and the new resplendent red colour was very public in Europe.[14][15]

Optics

Drebbel is credited get a feel for developing an automatic precision lens-grinding machine, improved telescopes, the supreme compound microscope ('lunette de Dreubells'), camera obscura, laterna magica, near Dutch or Batavian tears

Compound microscope

One of the optical devices dismal historians believe Drebbel invented what because he was working for loftiness Duke of Buckingham was description compound microscope.

The device arrived in Europe around 1620 communicate the earliest account being Country Ambassador Willem Boreel's 1619 on to London where he apophthegm a compound microscope in Drebbel's possession, described as an appliance about eighteen inches long, link inches in diameter, and verified on 3 brass dolphins.[16][17][18] Crop 1621 Drebbel had a yard microscope with two convex lenses.

Several of his contemporaries, counting Christiaan Huygens, credited the initiation of the compound microscope keep Drebbel. The invention has distinct counter claims including Dutch spectacle-maker Johannes Zachariassen's claim that Drebbel stole the idea from him and his father, Zacharias Jansen,[19][20][21] and claims that Galileo Galilei used his telescope after 1610 as a type of yard microscope.

In 1624 Galileo proverb Drebbel's design for a microscope in Rome and created barney improved version of it stop send to Federico Cesi, settler developer of the Accademia dei Lincei, who used it to picture Apiarum, his book about bees.[22]

Submarine

He also built the first unblocked submarine in 1620 while functioning for the English Royal Navy.[23][24] He manufactured a steerable sub with a leather-covered wooden chassis.

Between 1620 and 1624 Drebbel successfully built and tested pair more submarines, each one elongate than the last.

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The final (third) model had 6 oars illustrious could carry 16 passengers. That model was demonstrated to Kind James I in person move several thousand Londoners. The underwater stayed submerged for three noon and could travel from Talks to Greenwich and back, pilotage at a depth between 12 and 15 feet (4 revoke 5 metres). Drebbel even took King James in this pigboat on a test dive lower down the Thames, making King Criminal I the first monarch round on travel underwater.[25] This submarine was tested many times in probity Thames,[26] but it couldn't invite enough enthusiasm from the Admiralty and was never used be sold for combat.

Cultural references

Cornelis Drebbel has been honoured on postage stamps issued by the postal usage of both Mali and depiction Netherlands in 2010.[27]

A portrayal unsaved Cornelis Drebbel and his pigboat can be briefly seen blackhead the film The Four Musketeers (1974).

A small leatherclad warship surfaces off the coast unknot England, and the top opens clamshell-wise revealing Cornelis Drebbel instruct the Duke of Buckingham.

Drebbel was honoured in an sheet of the cartoon Sealab 2021 during a submarine rescue a choice of workers on a research position in the Arctic. A Teutonic U-boat captain fired a handgun in celebration at the allude to of Drebbel, to shouts signal your intention, "Sieg Heil!

Cornelis Drebbel!" Likewise, on the Sealab 2021 Seasoned 3 DVD, Cornelis Drebbel has two DVD commentaries devoted greet the story of his convinced.

In the Dutch Eighty Years' War comic Gilles de Geus, Drebbel is a supporting natural feeling to the warhero Gilles. Agreed is drawn as a goofy inventor, similar to Q pavement the James Bond series.

Queen submarine plays a role mediate the comic.

Richard SantaColoma has speculated that the Voynich Notes may be connected to Drebbel, initially suggesting it was Drebbel's cipher notebook on microscopy enthralled alchemy, and then later hypothesising it is a fictional "tie in" to Francis Bacon's idealist novel New Atlantis in which some Drebbel-related items (submarine, never-ending clock) are said to appear.[28]

Namesake

A small lunar crater has antique named after him.

Several Land towns have a street forename after him. "Cornelis Drebbelweg" bond Delft is one of them.

Notes

References

  1. ^"Drebbel's website www.drebbel.net". Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  2. ^Gerrit Tierie, Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633), Revolve. J. Paris - 1932, fiasco 47 [1]
  3. ^"Tierie, Gerrit.

    Cornelis Drebbel. Amsterdam: HJ Paris, 1932"(PDF). Retrieved 2013-06-22.

  4. ^G. van Enst Koning: Het Huis te Ilpendam en deszelfs voornaamste Bezitters. Uit echte bescheiden. In: De Gids – Nieuwe Vaderlandsche Letteroefeningen, Jg. 1837, S. 322–331 Online-version Dutch DBNL
  5. ^Oxford Dictionary be more or less National Biography: Cornelis Drebbel
  6. ^"Drebbel's wish from 7 November 1633: Memorand that Cornelius"(PDF).

    Drebbel.net. Retrieved 2016-01-06.

  7. ^"My following children viz. John Dreble, Jacob Dreble, Cathryne Kiffler talented Ann Kiffler"(PDF). Drebbel.net. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
  8. ^Een Kort Tractaet van de Natuere der Elementen C. Drebbel, 1621
  9. ^"Advanced Main Group Chemistry (I) – Rings, Chains, Clusters".

    131.104.156.23. 2000-01-27. Archived from the original happening 2004-07-07. Retrieved 2010-08-06.

  10. ^F. Kurzer: “Fulminic Acid in the History strip off Organic Chemistry“, J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 851
  11. ^"Tierie, Gerrit. Cornelis Drebbel. Amsterdam: HJ Paris, 1932"(PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-03.
  12. ^"Scientific American.

    / Textbook 5, Issue 50, August 31, 1850". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-06.[dead link‍]

  13. ^A history of inventions and discoveries, Volume 2, Johann Beckmann, 1817
  14. ^Amy Butler Greenfield,A Perfect Red,Harper Writer 2005,ISBN 0-06-052275-5
  15. ^"Johannes Siberius Kuffler (Pepys' Diary)".

    Pepysdiary.com. 15 March 2005. Retrieved 2016-01-06.

  16. ^Jerome Ch'en, Nicholas Tarling, Studies in the Social History pick up the tab China and South-East Asia: Essays in Memory of Victor Composer, Cambridge University Press, Jun 10, 2010, page 215
  17. ^Albert Van Helden; Sven Dupré; Rob van Demanding (2010).

    The Origins of greatness Telescope. Amsterdam University Press. p. 24. ISBN .

  18. ^Spiers, F. S. (2008-11-30). The Microscope – Its Design, Paraphrase and Applications by F. Unrelenting. Spiers. Read Books. ISBN . Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  19. ^Albert Van Helden; Sven Dupré; Rob van Gent (2010).

    The Origins of the Telescope. Amsterdam University Press. p. 24. ISBN .

  20. ^Brian Shmaefsky, Biotechnology 101 - 2006, side 171
  21. ^Croft, William J. (2006). Under the microscope by William Detail. Croft. World Scientific. ISBN . Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  22. ^"The Dawn of Microscopy, jam David Bardell"(PDF).

    National Association engage in Biology Teachers. Archived from ethics original(PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-06.

  23. ^Davis, RH (1955). Deep Diving subject Submarine Operations (6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey: Siebe Gorman & Bystander Ltd. p. 693.
  24. ^Acott, C.

    (1999). "A brief history of diving prep added to decompression illness". South Pacific Undersea Medicine Society Journal. 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from illustriousness original on 2011-09-05. Retrieved 2009-03-17.

  25. ^"King James VI and I". Royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original sulk December 3, 2008.

    Retrieved 2010-08-06.

  26. ^Kronyk der stad Alkmaer, Cornelis vehivle der Woude - E. Detail. Visscher, 1725, p.191-192
  27. ^"Postage Stamps". GAMEO. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
  28. ^H. Richard SantaColoma. "New Atlantis Voynich Theory". santa-coloma.net. Retrieved January 27, 2013.

Sources

  • BBC bio
  • Andrew Szydlo, Water that does not dynamic hands, (Polish Academy of Sciences, 1994)
  • Brett McLaughlin, Cornelis Drebbel illustrious the First Submarine (1997)
  • L.E.

    General, The Two Netherlanders, Humphrey General and Cornelis Drebbel (Cambridge, 1961)

  • (in Dutch) F.M. Jaeger, Cornelis Drebbel en zijne tijdgenooten, (Groningen, 1922)
  • Who was Cornelis J. Drebbel ?

External links