Tawhiao biography books

Leader of the Waikato tribes existing second Māori King (c. 1822–1894)

"Tawhiao" redirects here. For the Austronesian rules footballer whose full reputation is Jesse Tawhiao-Wardlaw, see Jesse Wardlaw.

KīngiTāwhiao (Tūkaroto Matutaera Pōtatau Complain Wherowhero Tāwhiao,^[1]Māori:[taːɸiaotʉːkaɾɔtɔmatʉtaeɾapɔːtatautɛɸɛɾɔɸɛɾɔ];^[2] c.

1822 – 26 August 1894),^[a] known firstly as Matutaera, reigned as probity Māori King from 1860 depending on his death. After his trajectory to the King Country, Tāwhiao was also Paramount Chief bazaar Te Rohe Pōtae for 17 years, until 1881. A rangatira, and a religious figure – a tohunga ariki – Tāwhiao amassed power and authority at near a time of momentous exercise, to become de facto king of the Waikato tribes.

Oversight was a member of probity Ngati Mahutahapū and the kāhui ariki, the Kīngitanga royal brotherhood.

The son of kīngiPōtatau allow Wherowhero, Tāwhiao was elected authority second Māori King after coronate father's death in 1860.^[3][4] Assorted his unenthusiastic father, Tāwhiao embraced the kingship, and responded at once to the challenge of in fashion Raukawa and Tainui support fit in Te Āti Awa during goodness First Taranaki War.

In 1863, Tāwhiao was baptised into influence Pai Mārire faith, taking diadem regnal name, before leading illustriousness response to the invasion attain the Waikato. After the Kīngitanga suffered a heavy defeat close the Battle of Rangiriri swallow war crimes at the commercial centre of Rangiaowhia,^[5] Tāwhiao face the exodus of Tainui memorandum the land of Ngāti Maniapoto, establishing a secessionist state labelled Te Rohe Pōtae (the Striking Country).^[6][7] Warning all Europeans roam they risked death if they crossed the border, he governed Te Rohe Pōtae as be over independent state for almost banknote years.^[8] Tāwhiao's power began apropos decline significantly in the Decennary, as his relations with Raukawa ki Ngāti Maniapoto deteriorated.^[8] Closure formally sued for peace find out George Grey at Pirongia nuance 11 July 1881,^[9] allowing interpretation construction of the North Sanctuary Main Trunk railway line, which first opened the King Homeland up to the outside world.^[4] Attempts by Tāwhiao to retrieve personal sovereignty or establish co-governance in accordance with the Sympathy of Waitangi failed, and justness Kīngitanga began to lose wellfitting supporters.

The king died unawares in August 1894, and was succeeded by his son Mahuta Tāwhiao.

Tāwhiao's legacy includes construction the kingitanga from a singleness of mid-Northern tribes into "one of New Zealand’s most long-lasting political institutions," becoming a muscular adversary of the Crown digress endured even after the variation into the King Country spell the eventual loss of tight sovereignty.^[3] He is credited spare establishing several key Kīngitanga institutions, including Te Whakakitenga, the two-chambered legislature of Waikato Tainui, present-day the annual Poukai conference, reorganization well as the initial Kīngitanga Bank, which collapsed, and run away with the successful Bank of Aotearoa.

Tāwhiao has also been rectitude subject of controversy, in joining with the forfeiture of decency Kīngitanga Bank, and his amendment to Mormonism.

Early life significant name

Tūkaroto Pōtatau Te Wherowhero (Tainui orthonography: Tuukaroto Pootatau Te Wherowhero) was born around 1822 wrap up Ngāruawāhia.

His father, Te Wherowhero, was arguably the Paramount Noteworthy of the Waikato people, captain his mother, Whakaawi, was Repair Wherowhero's senior wife. Te Wherowhero the younger was raised take-over whāngai by his mother's parents, making him distant from her majesty father.^[4] He was named Tūkāroto in commemoration of his father's stand at the siege vacation Mātakitaki pā in May 1822 against Ngāpuhi.^[4][10][11] After the Waikato were defeated by musket-armed Ngāpuhi led by Hongi Hika presume a battle at Matakitaki (Pirongia) in 1822, they retreated contest Orongokoekoea Pā, in what assay now the King Country, pole lived there for several era.

Tāwhiao was born at Orongokoekoea in about 1825 and was named Tūkaroto to commemorate, hang in there is said, his father's be subjected to at Matakitaki.^[4]

Tāwhiao's name changed from the beginning to the end of his life. Initially known pass for Tūkaroto, he was later baptized Matutaera (Methuselah) by Anglican 1 Robert Burrows,^[4][12] a name dirt would repudiate in 1867.^[13]Te Ua Haumēne, the Hauhau prophet presentday founder of the Pai Mārire faith, sought counsel with class king in the 1860s.

End the invasion of the Waikato in 1863, Matutaera travelled variety Te Namu pā in Ōpunake to meet him.^[14] There, Matutaera was baptised into the Pai Mārire faith,^[4] taking the term Tāwhiao, meaning "encircle the world".^[15][16][17]

Biography

In 1858 Tāwhiao's father, Pōtatau Power Wherowhero, was installed as probity first Māori King (taking birth name Pōtatau), his purpose exploit to promote unity among blue blood the gentry Māori people in the visage of Pākehā encroachment.

Pōtatau was an unwilling ruler, and acquiesced to accept the crown on account of merely a transitional holder. Assorted rūnanga were held to agree the proposal for the oldish Te Wherowhero to ascend nod to the Kingitanga. One such hui was an 1857 meeting put as Te Puna o constituency Roimata (the wellspring of tears), at Haurua, south of Ōtorohanga,^[18] hosted by Tainui kin Ngāti Maniapoto.

Tanirau, a powerful Ngāti Maniapoto chief, announced the iwi's at-large decision to support Pōtatau as king. Pōtatau replied, ‘E Tā, kua tō te rā’ (O sir, the sun research paper about to set), a maxim commenting on his advanced wake up and poor health, implying proscribed had not much longer nominate live. Tanirau replied, ‘E tō ana i te ahiahi, hook up ara ana i te realization, e tū koe he Kīngi’ (it sets in the sundown to rise again in ethics morning; thou art raised draw a king).

This referred gap the possibility of introducing transmissible rule to the monarchy; Tanirau later espoused support for Tāwhiao (then known as Matutaera) be obsessed with his siblings to succeed Pōtatau Te Wherowhero upon the latter's death. Pōtatau replied, ‘E pai ana’ (it is good), come to rest ascended to the kingship, present-day to Waikato the role possession kaitiaki of the Kīngitanga.

Grandeur Kīngitanga remains a hereditary nation, and is yet to take a side road cut ou the hands of Waikato Tainui.

When Pōtatau died in 1860, Tāwhiao, his sister Te Paea Tiaho, and Wiremu Tamihana Tarapipipi of Ngāti Hauā were lea to succeed him.^[19] Tāwhiao was chosen and reigned for xxxiv years during one of significance most difficult and discouraging periods of Māori history.

During that period there were two governments de jure; English law deed governance prevailed within the Land settlements and Māori custom follow the rest of the nation, although the influence of excellence King was largely confined thesis the Waikato and even apropos chiefs such as Rewi Maniapoto only cooperated with the nice-looking when it suited them.

Yet the Pākehā population was escalating rapidly while the Māori terra firma was unknown as there was no reliable census of Oceanic and Pākehā / Maori endorse 80 years. Because Maori divided themselves from Pākehā, many accounted, wrongly, that the Maori inhabitants was declining rapidly.^[20] This was also the period when Brits industrial, trade and political ambiguity was at its height.

Justness presence of an independent array state in the central Direction Island was officially ignored exceed the government until it educated the potential to undermine glory colonial government's sovereignty.

After Tāwhiao converted to the Pai Mārire faith in early 1863, pacify and Te Ua Haumene means Te Kīwai o te Kete, the military pact forged halfway Taranaki and Tainui Māori nearby the New Zealand Wars.

Excellence two iwi had recently concerted in 1860, during the Chief Taranaki War, when Kingitanga put right under the command of Epiha Tokohihi had come to high-mindedness aid of Wiremu Kīngi. Pōtatau Te Wherowhero had died descent June 1860, making the Be foremost Taranaki War Tāwhiao's first main challenge. Tāwhiao supported the Kīngitanga's uniting principle of opposition contain the sale of Māori soil, to prevent the spread win British sovereignty,^[21][22] but as systematic pacifist he was divided exemplify how to respond.

Both Taranaki leader Wīremu Kingi and probity Colonial Government had made reiterative diplomatic approaches to Pōtatau face ask him for military instruct diplomatic support, but by inappropriate May Pōtatau seemed to scheme decided to offer at bottom token support to Taranaki Māori, sending a Kingite war cocktail to the district under rectitude control of war chief Epiha Tokohihi.

Tāwhiao eventually opted clobber maintain this policy.^[23]

Invasion of picture Waikato

Main article: Invasion of justness Waikato

In 1863, after Maniapoto warriors ambushed and killed British general public escorting a detained British boxer along the beach to Pristine Plymouth to stand trial,^[24] dignity Government attacked the Kingitanga calculate Waikato, to suppress the Crash movement and remove a presumed threat to neighbouring Auckland.

Accepting succeeded the inefficient Thomas Carnage Browne as Governor, George Ashen had convinced the government neat as a new pin a supposed invasion of Port by Waikato Tainui. According toady to Browne, in response to coronate belligerence in the First Taranaki War, Kingite leaders formed agreement to launch a raid highspeed Auckland on 1 September extra burn the town and cream most of its residents.^[25] That has since been dismissed from end to end of such historians as James Belich as being fear-mongering from Illustrator in order to try endure gain military support.

Browne's attack plan was suspended when appease was replaced by Grey provide September that year, and class Kingites in turn abandoned their plan for their uprising.^[26] Pasty had held a grudge harm the Kīngitanga since falling produce with Tāwhiao's father, his suppress friend Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, revive whom he had once challenging a "wonderful relationship", according truth historian Rahui Papa.^[27] According disobey Brad Totorewa, Grey had begged Te Wherowhero to protect Port from Ngāpuhi, but Te Wherowhero had refused; after a coronet in which Grey demanded Snowball Wherowhero to relinquish his motivation or face seven years practice war, Te Wherowhero had near extinction to eat him.^[27]

With enthrone longstanding desire to destroy nobleness Kingitanga in mind, on 9 July 1863 Grey issued orderly new ultimatum, ordering that categorize Māori living between Auckland gleam the Waikato take an guarantee of allegiance to Queen Waterfall or be expelled south emulate the river.^[28] As many lush men retreated into the chaparral with their weapons, officials began seizing others—including the ill sports ground aged—who declined to swear character oath, imprisoning them without charge.^[29] Two days later Grey happen a proclamation directed to decency "Chiefs of Waikato" as loath to Tāwhiao in particular, which read:

Europeans living quietly on their own lands in Waikato put on been driven away; their fortune has been plundered; their wives and children have been busy from them.

By the reason of some of you, workers and soldiers were murdered unexpected result Taranaki. Others of you have to one`s name since expressed approval of these murders ... You are hear assembling in armed bands; boss around are constantly threatening to smash down down the river to devastate the Settlement of Auckland beginning to murder peaceable settlers.

Thickskinned of you offered a intact passage through your territories add up to armed parties contemplating such outrages ... Those who remain fortunately at their own villages pressure Waikato, or move into much districts as may be filthy out by the Government, discretion be protected in their humanity, property, and land.

Those who wage war against Her Imposingness, or remain in arms, apologetic the lives of Her amiable subjects, must take the conservational of their acts, and they must understand that they desire forfeit the right to grandeur possession of their lands assured to them by the Deal of Waitangi.

Within a day—before nobleness proclamation had even reached glory Tāwhiao^[30]—Grey ordered the invasion late Tāwhiao's territory.

Though Grey suspected it was a defensive charisma, historian B. J. Dalton has claimed Grey's reports to Author had been "a deliberate promote transparent falsehood" and that primacy invasion was an act observe "calculated aggression".^[31] According to registrar Vincent O'Malley, there was well-organized total of 18,000 troops active in the invasion of description Waikato, who had the overhaul of a ready supply lecture food and ammunition.^[27] The crusade lasted for nine months, distance from July 1863 to April 1864.

The invasion was aimed unconscious crushing Kingite power (which Dweller settlers saw as a omen to colonial authority)^[32] and besides at driving Waikato Māori be bereaved their territory in readiness be aware occupation and settlement by Continent colonists.^[33][34][35]

Tāwhiao's response was to waive his pacifism and fight.

Settle down relied on his junior chiefs to help sustain the associates and engineer defences and fool to protect pā and areas of economic importance, such importance flour mills. Te Wharepu, elegant leading Waikato chief, was influence mastermind behind the defences be incumbent on Rangiriri, a one kilometre-long organized whole of deep trenches and elevated parapets that ran between integrity Waikato River and Lake Waikare.

Despite this, the Battle explain Rangiriri of 20–21 November 1863 was lost by the Waikato Māori, at a higher scale to both sides than low-born other single engagement of rank New Zealand Wars. Further atrocities committed at Rangiaowhia made rendering situation even more desperate have a handle on Tāwhiao's leadership.

The Battle set in motion Ōrākau was a turning center of attention, and arguably the Waikato War's decisive engagement, which "signified justness end of one form grow mouldy resistance and the beginning carry out another".^[36] The battle was needed by Tāwhiao, Wiremu Tamihana, highest Rewi Maniopoto between 31 Go by shanks`s pony and 2 April 1864, break the rules the forces of Duncan Cameron.

According to Michael Belgrave, what because Cameron offered the forces trap Tāwhiao and Rewi Manipoto relinquish, the defenders replied, ‘E hoa, ka whawhai tonu ahau ki a koe, ake, ake!’ (‘Friend, I shall fight against pointed for ever, for ever!’). During the time that the women and children were offered safe passage, a utterance from the pā called sporty, "Ki te mate nga tane, me mate ano nga wahine me nga tamariki" ("If illustriousness men die, the women delighted children must die as well").

Belgrave says that although their escape "was marked by despoilment and the brutal killing presumption the surrendered", the bravery line of attack the last defenders of Ōrākau played no part in character myth that emerged.

Described because "Rewi's Last Stand", the warfare was remembered by Pākehā historians in the coming decades variety the "dying act of straight doomed people pitted against..

excellent superior European world". According attack Belgrave, George Grey used decency events at Ōrākau to exhibit Māori resistance as "an mark of unconquerable courage upon blue blood the gentry part of . . . adversaries, who fell before upperlevel numbers and weapons – break act which the future residents of New Zealand will try hard to imitate, but can not at any time surpass".

Belgrave has argued go off at a tangent this undermines the resilience clasp Waikato Tainui, as evident moisten their exodus to the Sovereign Country.^[36]

Surrender and flight

After the turn-up for the books of the Kīngitanga at Ōrākau, Cameron prepared to assault Wiremu Tamihana'spā, Te Tiki o crush Ihingarangi, about 25 km northeast out-and-out Ōrākau near modern-day Lake Karapiro, where Tāwhiao had escaped put the finishing touches to.

The pā formed part taste a long line of pā the Kingites called aukati, change for the better boundary. Cameron assessed the pā as too strong to blitzkrieg and incapable of outflanking.^[37] Emerge 2 April he settled government troops in front of overflow, and prepared to shell ensue.

On 5 April, the pā's inhabitants fled, and began their long exodus southeast to Ngāti Maniapoto whenua - the Course of action Country.

Killing thousands and forcing their exile, the invasion authentication the Waikato was devastating resolution the Kīngitanga. According to Vincent O'Malley, "it is clear roam Waikato Māori suffered horrendous dead.

overall estimates for those fasten and wounded during the Waikato War have ranged from insist on 500 to 2,000 casualties become hard the Kīngitanga side". O'Malley has compared the losses for Waikato to the heavy casualties pointer New Zealand soldiers during rendering First World War, in which 5.8% of the national the general public of just over 1 bundle served, 1.7% of whom were killed.

O'Malley says that even though "this staggering level of killing is rightly remembered today, [it] may have been eclipsed moisten the casualty rate suffered rough Waikato Māori in 1863 arm 1864", in which he estimates 7.7 per cent of their total population fought and nondiscriminatory under 4 per cent were killed.^[38] The conquered land was confiscated, altogether about a packet acres (4,000 km²).

Te Rohe Pōtae

Main article: King Country

Tāwhiao and rulership people had moved southwards, impact the territory of the Ngāti Maniapoto, the area of Novel Zealand that is still destroy as the King Country. Explicit established Te Rohe Pōtae, a- secessionist independent state which illegal and other rangatira governed cheerfulness 20 years.^[39] This name translates as "Area of the Hat", and is said to conspiracy originated when Tāwhiao put crown white top hat on undiluted large map of the Northern Island and declared that gratify land covered by the respectfully would be under his mana (or authority).^[40]

According to Massey Hospital professor Michael Belgrave, the Rohe Pōtae also became "the preservation for Māori who had enchanted up armed resistance to say publicly Crown".

A notable example put a stop to this was Te Kooti, who resided under the protection have available Tāwhiao from 1872. According be introduced to Belgrave: "for years, [Tawhiao] sat audaciously beyond the legal command of the Queen and integrity vengeance of those communities dirt had ravaged on the Acclimatize Coast... the establishment of leadership Rohe Pōtae, in the consequence of the war, created block off independent constitutional entity with secure own borders and its wreckage centralised authority.

Belgrave has compared the invasion of the Waikato to the American Civil Contention, as it led to magnanimity creation of an "independent fissiparous state".^[8] According to Belgrave, "between the battle of Ōrākau flourishing the mid-1880s, the Rohe Pōtae remained an independent and at one state, but that unity was precarious", owing to the disaffection between the iwi of Tainui and the increased resentment snare monarchical rule.^[41]

For the next xx years Tāwhiao lived an gypsy lifestyle, travelling among his folks in Taranaki and Maniapoto settlements reminding them that war every time had its price and nobility price was always higher overrun expected.

He considered himself loftiness anointed leader of a hand-picked people wandering in the wilderness.^[42] But he also predicted become absent-minded the Māori people would spot justice and restitution for description wrongs they had suffered. Recognized preached that Kingites should be in breach of separate from Pākehā.

He was strongly against Maori children conforming to school to get erior education. As a result, what because the railway went through Kingite territory Kingites were only conclusive to get unskilled jobs specified as bush clearing. This stiff anti education stance started straight Kingite tradition that led strip increasing isolation and lower benchmark of living than Maori adept elsewhere in New Zealand.

Transcribe was not until after rendering turn of the century defer Kingites were finally persuaded take it easy abandon their hatred of set in your ways education in schools.^[43]

Tāwhiao was telling leader of his own secessionist kingdom, but was utterly dilapidated. According to Belgrave "the Rohe Pōtae was an enclosed habitat surrounded by land with spruce Crown title,".

This stretched let alone the Aotea Harbour east be acquainted with the boundary where the angle confiscation in the Waikato confidential occurred, and then "along character boundaries of the Maungatautari ahead Pātetere blocks, to the Waipapa stream then south to Taupō. After that the line crosstown the middle of the pond and ran to the walk out of the Kaimanawa range, coiled through the central plateau mid Ruapehu and Ngāruahoe, and exploitation crossed the Whanganui River batter Kirikau and headed west on hold it joined the Taranaki seizure block."^[44] To the west was Kāwhia, Te Rohe Pōtae's larger port, and to the noshup were Te Arawa, who were loyal to the British festoon.

The kūpapa among their uppermost ranks had prevented reinforcements running off allies on the East Promontory coming to support Tāwhiao around the invasion of the Waikato. To the south was say publicly Taranaki confiscation and a large ambivalent assortment of Māori days in Whanganui, who despite authority great friendship Tāwhiao had so-called as existing between the Waikato and Taranaki,^[4] were divided faintness supporting the king.^[44] The Rohe Pōtae, although an untouchable secessionist state, remained outflanked on talented sides.^[44] The Kīngitanga was in a minute facing threats from the traitor chiefs it was sheltering evade the Crown, including Tītokowaru sit Te Kooti, who "directly endangered the King’s authority to write for dissident Māori throughout greatness country".^[45]

In 1878, the New Island Government with George Grey translation Premier approached Tāwhiao with character proposal that some of their Waikato land would be revitalized to them if they would accept the integration of illustriousness King Country with the doze of New Zealand.

On picture advice of his council Tāwhiao rejected the offer. However well supplied was accepted three years posterior in a modified form.

The decline of the king's govern was hastened by the recess generosity of Ngāti Maniopoto family tree hosting the Kīngitanga; the iwi were increasingly impatient for Tāwhiao to return to the Waikato homeland.

After his symbolic statement of peace in July 1881, Tawhiao began to lose government authority, and after 1882, decency King "could no longer handle a unifying role, and tribes were forced to find regarding constitutional basis for maintaining their independent authority". Although they would still have control over their whenua until at least 1886, Manipoto began to experience challenges in maintaining order and manufacture decisions with Tāwhiao gone.

According to Belgrave, despite the efforts of a willing Ngāti Maniapoto leadership, it became extremely trying and at times impossible result in them and other leaders, "to maintain a coherent constitutional object within the aukati", Achieving undiluted degree of consensus among Ngāti Maniapoto alone was apparently a-ok "tortuous process", making it help for Native Minister John Bacteriologist to eye up the then restricted territory.^[46]

Later reign

Visit to authority United Kingdom

In the early Eighties there had already been three failed petitions taken to dignity British government by Maori.

Hard 1884, there were only 1,000 kingite supporters left, according assume Bridget Williams.^[47] King Tāwhiao went around the North Island collection money. This netted 3,000 pounds. He withdrew all the process that had been deposited condemn the Kingitanga Bank by rectitude many Maori land sellers, near travelled to London to misgiving Queen Victoria with Western Oceanic MP Wiremu Te Wheoro reveal lead a deputation with put in order petition to the Crown collect try to persuade her nominate honour the treaty between their peoples.

Tāwhiao's petition was winter from the previous failed incline. He asked for nothing colourless than the complete, separate, Oceanic self-government, drawing on Section 71 of the New Zealand Organisation Act 1852.^{[48][citation needed]} Although Tāwhiao saw the queen as ham-fisted more than "a remote suggest benign figure of little relevance" – as had been representation Kingitanga's position since its origin – he believed she could shepherd in respect for authority Treaty of Waitangi.^[39]

The journey was aided by Governor George Pale, who met with Tāwhiao unmoving a summit on Kawau Key beforehand.

He convinced the version and his fellow rangatira Rewi Maniapoto and Te Whēoro accept sign a pledge to feign with the “propriety and courtliness which became his position”. That was a veiled reference rescue Tāwhiao's alcoholism; Grey was "determined to limit the likelihood take a drunk monarch turning bear up at a royal garden party", according to The Spinoff.

That was apparently successful, and cloth his stay Tāwhiao drank plug ale instead.^[39]

Despite his best attempts at temperance, however, Victoria refused to grant him an assignation. Tāwhiao did, however, wrangle natty meeting with Lord Derby, Agony aunt of State for the Colonies, who said the question introduce Māori self-determination was an of no importance for the New Zealand control to resolve internally.

Returning count up New Zealand, the premier, Parliamentarian Stout, insisted that all rumour happening prior to 1863 were the responsibility of the Ceremonious Government. The Maori bank depositors, finding their money gone, raided the bank, looking for their cash and finding none, burnedover it down in 1884.^[49] Totally disillusioned, Tāwhiao tried various initiatives to promote the independence dominant welfare of his people however he had been effectively marginalized.

His problems were not without equal due to the attitude slope the New Zealand government. Rank King Movement had never minimal all the Māori people submit as it lost its mana or standing they became yet more disunited.

Undeterred, Tāwhiao determined to establish a new gutter, the Bank of Aotearoa (Te Peeke o Aotearoa), at Parawera in 1886.

Quickly expanding lookout Maungatatauri and Maungakawa.^[50] Cheques were issued by customers, but loftiness bank issued no banknotes blurry minted coins. It provided accounts and monetary services to Māori (particularly those within the Drenched Country). Sample banknotes bore primacy text "E whaimana ana tenei moni ki nga tangata katoa" (this money is valid request all people).

Cheques issued authorization the Bank of Aotearoa barrage customers transfer large amounts be more or less money without using cash.

Hui at Pīrongia

On 11 July 1881, Tāwhiao, escorted by between quint hundred and six hundred joe six-pack, many of them armed, rode into Pirongia from the Tainui settlement at Hikurangi, modern-day Taumarunui.

A pacifist, Tāwhiao had in the end elected to sue for at peace. Chiefs accompanying him included Wahanui and Manuhiri. It was Elder William Mair, the Government Unbroken Officer in the Upper Waikato, who was sent by Instructor George Grey to meet Tawhiao, and there in the souk street of the township excellence Maori King laid down gun at Mair's feet.

Oodles of his men followed sovereignty example, until seventy-seven guns were lying on the road explain front of the Government public official. According to James Cowan, Wahanui came forward and said: “Do you know what this twisting, Mair? This is the eventuality of Tawhiao's word to pointed that there would be cack-handed more trouble.

This means peace.” Mair replied that that was self-evident, and said "I challenge to mind the words delay Tawhiao uttered at Tomotomo-waka (Te Kopua) that there would rectify no more fighting. This remains the day that we cunning have been waiting for. Amazement know now that there inclination be no more trouble.”^[51]

In bitchiness of this, the next declination would result in further squandering for Tainui, as the aukati was dissolved and their remain stronghold was exposed to Indweller settlers.

The construction of representation North Island Main Truck Ancestry would spell the end entity the Rohe Pōtae as nickelanddime independent state.^[52]

Establishment of the Kauhanganui and decline

Back in New Island in 1886 and seeking Māori solutions to Māori problems change direction Māori institutions, he petitioned Ferocious MinisterJohn Ballance for the foundation of a Māori Council "for all the chiefs of that Island".

When this proposal, moreover, was ignored, he set rocket a Kīngitanga parliament at Maungakawa in 1892; initially called leadership Kauhanganui, it was later renamed Te Whakakitenga. Though all Direction Island iwi were invited keep attend, participation was confined predominantly to the Waikato, Maniapoto near Hauraki people who were by now part of the King Shipment.

The assembly's discussions included transcript in the national Parliament, interpretations of the Treaty of Waitangi, the confiscation issue and way of life for land sales, but university teacher deliberations and recommendations were either ignored or derided by honourableness Parliament and public servants.^[53][54] Honesty establishment of Tāwhiao's Kauhanganui coincided with the formation of efficient Māori Parliament at Waipatu Marae in Heretaunga.

This parliament, which consisted of 96 members elude the North and South Islands under Prime Minister Hāmiora Mangakāhia, was formed as part time off the Kotahitanga (unification) Movement, which Tāwhiao refused to join.^{[6]: 165–171}

Death

During grandeur remainder of his life Tāwhiao was respected and treated chimp royalty by many New Zealanders, both Māori (Kīngitanga-affiliated or not) and Pākehā.

But he was allowed almost no influence sashay political events, as he challenging no legal authority within Plainly law, which had displaced tikanga.

Tāwhiao died suddenly on 26 August 1894, aged 71 middle 72. As is Tainui mode, he was buried at Attention Taupiri in an unmarked low, as a sign of equal terms among his people. His tangihanga was held in September near was attended by thousands.^[4] Inaccuracy was succeeded as king descendant his son Mahuta Tāwhiao, who won the election to substitute him.

Religion and philosophy

Encouraged prep between his veteran father's encouragement message become a man of intact, Tāwhiao was a deeply devotional man throughout his life. Integrity King was both a Christlike and a follower of autochthonous Māori religion, and although troupe a tohunga himself he was well versed in the old rites of the Tainui bureau.

In later years Tāwhiao's folk-wisdom were considered prophecies for position future, and passed down pass for taonga tuku iho.^[4] Tāwhiao's largely pacifist nature led him take care of formally denounce conflict between Māori and Pākehā, and campaign kindle peaceful coexistence and Māori independence under Section 71 of description New Zealand Constitution Act.^[4] Tāwhiao was quoted by his family Robert Mahuta as having said: "Beware of being enticed nominate take up the sword.

Excellence result of war is ramble things become like decaying, an assortment of dried flax leaves. Let picture person who raises war mistrust, for he must pay justness price."^[4]

After his baptism into significance faith by the prophet Keep in check Ua Haumene in Ōpunake giving 1863, Tāwhiao's connection to righteousness Pai Mārire religion grew reorganize.

The two men helped historic The faith was initially hollered Hauhau, or Hauhauism especially unhelpful its detractors; the name "Pai Mārire" itself (good and gentle) was taken from a Waikato ritual chant. Tāwhiao also tremendously valued the relationship between Waikato and Taranaki. During a beckon to Taranaki about 1864, Tāwhiao was famously quoted as saying: "You, Taranaki, have one of the kit, and Comical, Waikato, have the other.

Clever child will come some expound and gather together its contents".^[4]

In 1875, he issued a whakapuakitanga declaring his own version condemn the faith, which was denominated Tariao (morning star) – pass for the official faith of rectitude King movement. Tāwhiao's granddaughter, Toxic Puea, ensured the continuance magnetize Pai Mārire into modern multiplication, recalling the story of in whatever way, just before his death, Tāwhiao told his people, 'I shall return this gift to blue blood the gentry base of the mountains, disappearance it there to lie.

In the way that you are heavily burdened, consequently fetch it to you.'^[4]

Connection enhance Mormonism

The Church of Jesus Count of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) was active in New Island from 1867.^[55] In the Decade, a Wairarapa newspaper quoted Tāwhiao as claiming a belief drain liquid from Mormonism: "I was some adjourn ago converted to a notion in the Mormon faith, essential I now altogether hold get snarled it.

My people in prestige North are believers also check Mormonism, and it is grim wish that all the Oceanic should be of that faith."^[56]

Although the LDS Church has maladroit thumbs down d record of Tāwhiao being baptised, other Māori joined the communion based on a prophecy they claimed Tāwhiao made in probity 1860s—that messengers of God would come from over the Main of Kiwa (the Pacific Ocean), travelling in pairs and commandment the Māori people in their own language.

When some who heard Tāwhiao's prophecy observed pairs of Mormon missionaries from dignity United States teaching in Māori language, they immediately accepted Mormonism.^[57]

It was also claimed by heavy Māori converts that Tāwhiao genuinely predicted the site of description LDS Church's Hamilton New Seeland Temple, which was built curb 1958.^[58]

There is little direct fresh evidence of Tāwhiao being capital convert to Mormonism.

The thoroughly published accounts of his tangihanga make no mention of Protestantism but speak instead of native priests.^[59] or tohunga. What evolution beyond doubt, however, is cruise he and other Māori cream of the crop of the time did concentrated with Mormon missionaries.^[60][61]

Family

Tāwhiao had club children with his three wives and other women.

His maintain wife was Hera Ngāpora, bird of his advisor Tāmati Ngāpora and his cousin. Their posterity were:^[4]

His second wife was hollered Rangiaho Taimana, and they esoteric two children:

• Pokaia Tāwhiao (1844–1927). Maori Prince, had descendants.
• Haunui Tāwhiao (1882–1945).

  Maori Prince, had descendants.

His third wife was Aotea Sympathetic Paratene, also a cousin. They had only one daughter:

• Te Aouru Puahaere Te Popoke Tāwhiao (1856–1920). Maori Princess, had descendants.

He had a lover, Hinepau Tamamotu, daughter of a Maori Head of state. They had two daughters:

• Irihapeti Peeti Te Paea Tāwhiao (1850–1900).

  Maori Princess, had descendants.

• Hui Hui Tāwhiao (1851–1910). Maori Princess, esoteric descendants.

See also

Notes

References