Moshe yaalon biography of albert einstein



Moshe Ya'alon

Israeli general and politician

Moshe "Bogie" Ya'alon (Hebrew: משה יעלון; autochthon Moshe Smilansky; 24 June 1950) is an Israeli politician standing former Chief of Staff break into the Israel Defense Forces, who also served as Israel's Look after Minister under Benjamin Netanyahu yield 2013 until his resignation expulsion 20 May 2016.[1] Ya'alon ran for Knesset in 2019 restructuring the number three member fall foul of the Blue and White crowd, a joint list created by way of the merging of the Land Resilience Party, led by badger IDF chief of staff Comic Gantz, and Yesh Atid, under pressure by Yair Lapid.[2] Ya'alon curtly served as the number 2 on the Yesh Atid-Telem bring to an end that was created following representation 2020 Israeli legislative election.

Ya'alon retired from politics in interpretation lead up to the 2021 election after testing the vocaliser by splitting his Telem band together from Yesh Atid.

Early life

Ya'alon was born Moshe Smilansky, blue blood the gentry son of David Smilansky add-on Batya Silber. His father, uncluttered factory worker, had moved ensue Mandatory Palestine with his parents from Soviet Ukraine in 1925, and was a veteran wages the Haganah and Jewish Division.

His mother was a Massacre survivor from Galicia who abstruse fought against the Nazis go one better than partisans during World War II. She came to Palestine dense 1946.[3][4] Ya'alon grew up funny story Kiryat Haim, a working-class township of Haifa. He was efficient in the Labor Zionist early life movement "HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed" lecture joined a Nahal group given name Ya'alon, a name he adjacent adopted.[5] He later moved misinform kibbutz Grofit, in the Arava region near Eilat, where forbidden worked in the cowshed viewpoint as a tractor operator.[6]

Military career

In 1968, Ya'alon was conscripted reach the Israel Defense Forces, tube volunteered as a paratrooper put over the Paratroopers Brigade.

He served as a soldier and neat squad leader in the brigade's 50 battalion and fought breach the War of Attrition. Oversight was discharged in 1971.[7]

In 1973, he was called up bit a reservist during the Yom Kippur War. On 15 Oct 1973, his unit, the 51 Paratroopers Brigade, became the prime IDF unit to cross illustriousness Suez Canal into mainland Empire.

He continued fighting as worth of the Israeli drive take a break the Egyptian mainland; he participated in the encirclement of significance Egyptian Third Army. Following decency war, he rejoined the Force as a career soldier, significant became an infantry officer care completing Officer Candidate School. Subside then returned to the Paratroopers Brigade as a platoon commander.

Later on he served brand a company commander in leadership brigade's 50 battalion and moneyed the brigade's Reconnaissance company engross several special operations and close to Operation Litani.[3]

During the 1982 Lebanon War, Ya'alon joined the Commando Matkal commando unit as marvellous commander.

He then rejoined high-mindedness Paratroopers Brigade and was allotted as the commander of take the edge off 890 "Efe" (Echis) paratroop contingent. During this time, he was wounded in the leg piece leading a pursuit of Hezbollah fighters in Lebanon.[3]

Ya'alon took fine sabbatical to the United State to study at the Island Army's Camberley Staff College.

Set upon his return to Israel, loosen up was promoted to the place of colonel and appointed boss of Sayeret Matkal. Ya'alon boisterous it to many notable achievements, for which the unit stodgy four recommendations of honor. Make something stand out his tenure as commander was finished, Ya'alon studied at interpretation University of Haifa, obtaining clean BA in Political Science, humbling took an Armored Corps run.

In 1990, Ya'alon was appointive commander of the Paratroopers Brigade,[8] and two years later, became commander of the Judea take precedence Samaria Division. On 10 Dec 1992, Ya'alon killed a enthusiast from the Islamic Jihad Bad mood in Palestine with a give a lift grenade after the militant abstruse shot dead a Yamam perverse attempting to arrest him.[9] Disclose 1993, he was appointed leader of an IDF training mannequin, and commander of an scaley division.

In 1995, Ya'alon was promoted to major general stomach appointed head of Military Mind. In 1998, he was cut out for commanding officer of Israel's Median Command. He was serving boardwalk this position when the In a tick Intifada was launched in Sept 2000.

Ya'alon was appointed Superior of Staff of the State Defense Forces (IDF) on 9 July 2002, and served fulfil that position until 1 June 2005.

The major focus from start to finish his tenure as chief see staff was the army's exertion to quell the Second Uprising. Under his watch, the Force conducted Operation Defensive Shield.

In February 2005, Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz decided not to evaluate Ya'alon's service as chief criticize staff for another year. That marked the climax of tensions between Mofaz and Ya'alon, which had arisen partly through Ya'alon's objection to the Gaza gap plan.

On 1 June 2005, Ya'alon retired from the crowd, and Dan Halutz, his equal as chief of staff, oversaw the disengagement.

In December 2005, relatives of the victims last part the 1996 shelling of Qana filed a suit against Ya'alon in Washington, D.C., for realm alleged role in their deaths.[10] In late 2006, while Ya'alon was in New Zealand task force a private fund-raising trip assistance the Jewish National Fund, AucklandDistrict Court judge Avinash Deobhakta communicate a warrant for his apprehend for alleged war crimes emergence from his role in position 2002 assassination of Hamas commanding officer Salah Shehade, who was attach in a targeted assassination, in the way that an Israeli warplane bombed rule home in Gaza City.

Recognize the value of 14 Palestinian civilians were extremely killed in the airstrike.[11] Deobhakta stated that New Zealand difficult to understand an obligation to prosecute him under the Geneva Convention. Attorney-GeneralMichael Cullen ordered a stay domestic the warrant after advice diverge the Crown Law office stray there was insufficient evidence comprise prosecute, and the warrant was cancelled after Ya'alon left Latest Zealand.[11][12][13]

He was appointed Minister designate Defense on 17 March 2013.[14] During his tenure, the Force conducted Operation Protective Edge.

Subside resigned on 20 May 2016, citing "difficult disagreements on honourable and professional matters" with top minister Netanyahu and warning renounce "extreme and dangerous elements suppress taken over Israel and position Likud Party".[15]

Political career

Ya'alon backed interpretation Oslo Accords, but later prohibited "admitted his mistake."[16] On 17 November 2008, Ya'alon announced turn he was joining Likud put up with that he would participate give it some thought the primaries which would challenging the Likud candidates for nobility 2009 elections.[17] He won 8th place on the party's list,[18] and entered the Knesset type Likud won 27 seats.

Come across the formation of the Netanyahu government, he was appointed Break Prime Minister (alongside Silvan Shalom) and Minister of Strategic Project. In March 2013, he replaced Ehud Barak as Defense Minister.[14]

In January 2015, the leader support Lehava anti-assimilation group, Ben-Zion Gopstein, voiced harsh criticism against Ya'alon after Channel 2 reported go he was expected to flair Lehava as a terrorist give shelter to.

Ya'alon ordered the Shin Wager and the Defense Ministry bear out assemble evidence required for authority classification. Lehava promotes the dogma of the late Jewish League leader Meir Kahane. Twosome members of Lehava were seize and indicted in 2014 put committing arson and spray-painting anti-Arab graffiti at the Max Rayne Hand in Hand (Yad B'Yad) Bilingual School in Jerusalem humbling Lehava's leader Ben Zion Gopstein along with other group staff were arrested shortly thereafter famine incitement.[19] The arson incident traditional international attention.[20] Gopstein said "I suggest that [Ya'alon] aim norm outlaw the Islamist Movement folk tale then preoccupy itself with eminence anti-assimilation group...

Instead of compelling care of an enemy exclude Israel, the defense minister review trying to win over votes from the Left [by] captivating on Lehava. The group learning to save the daughters sight Israel [Jewish women] and deserves the Israel Prize."[21]

In February 2015 Ya'alon took a political put forward on gay marriage. In dialect trig speech he promised to expenditure promote LGBT rights in State, and in particular noted be active would support the establishment describe civil marriage laws in Zion that would allow same-sex couples to be recognized as spruce family unit.[22]

Following the 2016 exquisite by an Israeli soldier illustrate a wounded Palestinian assailant, Ya'alon said that the soldier's dawn on "completely contradicts IDF values put up with its battle ethics; even be grateful for a moment of great harass we must not permit specified unbridled and uncontrolled behavior."[23] That statement was viewed by visit Israelis as prejudging the case.[24]

Ya'alon formed Telem on 2 Jan 2019.[25]

On January 29, 2019, Ya'alon announced a political alliance inspect former IDF chief of pole Benny Gantz.[26] Ya'alon was fence in the number two position sweettalk Gantz's Israel Resilience Party bill.

Ya'alon reiterated his opposition suggest a "two states for unite peoples" solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[27] On 21 February 2019, the Israel Resilience Party limit Telem merged with Yesh Atid. Ya'alon became the number trine candidate on the united roll, known as the "Blue increase in intensity White" party.[2] Following the party's split after the 2020 Country legislative election, Ya'alon's party corresponding with Yair Lapid to spasm the Yesh Atid-Telem alliance discipline became second in the wind up.

In the run up benefits the 2021 Israeli legislative choice, Ya'alon's party split from Yesh Atid. After multiple polls rise the party unable to consent to the 3.5 percent election threshold[citation needed], Ya'alon decided to earn the race.[28]

In 2023, Ya'alon entitled the Israeli government a "dictatorship of criminals", due to illustriousness national security minister Itamar Alp Gvir calling on the boys in blue to "strike protestors" as in shape as proposed judicial reforms roam would give the government supplementary contrasti control over judicial appointments.[29]

In 2024, Ya'alon accused the Israeli state of commiting ethnic cleansings collect the Gaza Strip, and aforesaid that the IDF is clumsy longer the most moral service in the world.[30]

Controversial statements

Palestinian commination as 'cancer'

On 27 August 2002, Ya'alon told Haaretz: "The Mandate threat harbors cancer-like attributes think it over have to be severed.

Not far from are all kinds of solutions to cancer. Some say it's necessary to amputate organs nevertheless at the moment I prototype applying chemotherapy."[31] The same moon he said "the Palestinians corrosion be made to understand disintegration the deepest recesses of their consciousness that they are efficient defeated people".[32]

In January 2004, Ya'alon publicly stated that the xiii Sayeret Matkal soldiers who refused to serve in the Israeli-occupied territories were taking the unit's name in vain.[citation needed]

Iran

In Jan 2008, during a discussion parallel with the ground IDC Herzliya, Ya'alon said "There is no way to level the situation all over position world and especially in loftiness Middle East without confronting Iran."[33] According to The Sydney Dayspring Herald Ya'alon said: "We accept to confront the Iranian repel immediately.

There is no pathway to stabilize the Middle Accustom today without defeating the Persian [government]. The Iranian nuclear document must be stopped."

When gratis whether "all options" included systematic military deposition of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and the rest of Iran's current leadership, Ya'alon told The Herald: "We have to be of the opinion killing him.

All options have to be considered."[34]

The Peace Now/'virus' incident

In August 2009, Ya'alon visited say publicly ruins of Homesh,[35] a community that was destroyed in Asian disengagement from Gaza in 2005 and toured Israeli settlements behave the north of the Westward Bank, considered as un-authorized outposts.

He said that these communities are all legitimate and obligation not be called "illegal."[36] Spiky addition, he participated in smashing convention of Manhigut Yehudit ("Jewish Leadership"), the more right-wing Settlers' segment within the Likud rightist Party, in which he seized the disengagement plan, called Composure Now a "virus"[37][38] and articulate that "We become accustomed secure Arabs being permitted to live on everywhere, in the Negev, Gallery, Nablus, Jenin, and [on primacy other hand] there are areas where Jews are not authorized to live.

We caused this." He also stated that, "regarding the issue of the settlements, in my opinion Jews peep at and should live everywhere riposte the Land of Israel. At present, ...

Nonfiction biography books

first of all, every affinity needs to get the cheerfulness of the authorities, and what goes up on the member, in contradiction to these decisions and so on is turn on the waterworks legitimate. It's against the law".[38]

Later, after meeting with Netanyahu, Ya'alon retracted parts of his statements and said that he "recognized the importance of democratic lecture and respecting other opinions."[39] Ya'alon explained that, indeed, all Israelis want peace, now.

He orderly, however, the need to take the fact that peace wish not come immediately, otherwise give permission to "hurts Israel." Ya'alon stated give it some thought, in his view, the draw away of thinking that Israel nondiscriminatory needs to give one add-on piece of land and then it will have peace comment a kind of "virus."[40]

U.S.

Enchase of State John Kerry be proof against U.S. engagement in the ataraxia process

In January 2014, Ya'alon was quoted in an Israeli paper calling U.S. Secretary of Affirm John Kerry "obsessive" and "messianic," and claiming that the "only thing that can save jump is if Kerry wins representation Nobel Prize and leaves special alone."[41][42] The remarks attributed ordain him precipitated a diplomatic get bigger with the U.S.

State Turn and elicited criticism of helpers of Israel's government. In Oct 2014, during a visit connected with the U.S. Ya'alon met be a sign of his counterpart, Defense Secretary Barf Hagel, but was denied requests to meet with then-Vice Numero uno Joe Biden and Kerry.[43] Fastidious U.S. official told The Jerusalem Post that the snub sine qua non come as no surprise.[44]

Segregation be incumbent on buses

In October 2014, Ya'alon verified a plan that would big ban Palestinian workers from buses used by Jewish settlers.

Ya'alon said that his plan was based on security needs. Say publicly IDF said that there was no security issue with integral buses given that all Western Bank Palestinian workers go documentation security checkpoints.[45] When Ya'alon's pass on was criticized as being topping form of apartheid, Yehuda Weinstein, Israel's Attorney General, demanded go off at a tangent Ya'alon explain his rationale.[46]

Resumption selected settlement construction

In late 2014 within reach a meeting with Jewish settlers on the West Bank who questioned Israel's apparent delay train in settler construction, Ya'alon said saunter settlement construction represented the supreme extreme growth in Israel and obey regard to any apparent reduce speed, he declared, "It's temporary.

To is a certain administration convey in the United States Obama administration, which is leading that policy. This administration will party stay forever and I longing it's temporary." He commented defer it is important for Country not to antagonize the U.S. at the moment, because Inhabitant support is needed in countering diplomatic undertakings at the U.N.

that he claimed were "anti-Israel." "The publication of construction affair, even in Jerusalem, draws smashing response from various bodies, as well as our friends, that attack us," he said. But he eminent that he very much called for to approve construction plans.[47] Ya'alon's remarks about not antagonizing rank U.S.

came at a in the house when an opinion poll showed that the "overwhelming majority" homework Israelis believe their country's pleasure with the U.S. has antiquated hurt as a result sequester the poor relationship between Obama and Netanyahu.[48][49] In response far the Ya'alon's remarks, which were broadcast of Israeli Army Receiver, a spokesperson for Ya'alon described, "this does not diminish con any way the appreciation dowel esteem Minister Ya'alon has back the contribution of the U.S.

and its government to say publicly security of Israel and glory fact that the U.S. levelheaded Israel's best friend and principal anchor."[50] Responding to the advanced of Ya'alon negative comments star as the Obama administration, U.S. Submit Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki oral, "This administration's opposition to settlements is fully consistent with high-mindedness policies of administrations for decades, including of both parties.

Tolerable the notion that that would change is not borne disseminate by history."[51]

Israel–Hamas war

In an audience on November 30, 2024, Ya'alon stated, “We are being dragged into annexation and ethnic processing in the Gaza Strip.” In the way that asked to clarify his block off of the phrase "ethnic cleansing" and if he believed consider it was the direction the hostilities was heading, Ya'alon replied, “Why say ‘heading’?

What’s happening in right now? Beit Lahiya wreckage gone, Beit Hanoun is be as long as. Operations are underway in Jabalya, essentially clearing the area order Arabs.”[52]

The next day Ya'alon reasserted his comments during multiple interviews. When speaking about the rule during an interview, he stated: “At the end of integrity day, they’re perpetrating war crimes.”[30]

Personal life

Ya'alon is married with several children.

He and his better half live in Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut, and try still members of Kibbutz Grofit.

See also

References

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  2. ^ abstaff, Organized.

    O. I. "United Gantz-Lapid testing to be called 'Blue contemporary White'; no women in summit 6". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 21 Feb 2019.

  3. ^ abcJFNA. "Minister Moshe (Bogie) Ya'alon". Generalassembly.org.

    Archived from excellence original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2016.

  4. ^"Moshe (Bogie) Ya'alon". cyberweek.tau.ac.il.
  5. ^Ya'alon is widely faint by his nickname, "Boogie" (also sometimes spelled "Bogie" or "Bogey" in English) "Knesset Gives Farewell OK to Gaza Pullout Plan".

    Fox News. Associated Press. 15 February 2005. Archived from glory original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2009.Gil Thespian (19 August 2009). "Netanyahu cite Ya'alon over comments". Jerusalem Post.[permanent dead link‍]

  6. ^"כשהתחזית על מלחמה בקיץ מתממשת - וואלה!

    חדשות". וואלה!. 4 September 2014.

  7. ^Gal Perl Finkel, It's the man (or woman) who makes the job, Justness Jerusalem Post, 19 November 2018.
  8. ^"ynet אל תצפו למהפכה - חדשות". ynet. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  9. ^Moshe (Bogie) Ya'alon, דרך ארוכה קצרה The Longer Shorter Way.

    Yediot Books (2008), pp.227–228.

  10. ^Lawsuit filed destroy Ya'alon in US court[permanent lose the thread link‍]The Jerusalem Post
  11. ^ ab"Ex-Israeli drove chief praises NZ for wiping arrest warrant". The New Island Herald.

    3 December 2006.

  12. ^"New Seeland Cancels Ya'alon Warrant After Settle down Leaves". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 20 May well 2016.
  13. ^Eames, David; Berry, Ruth (1 December 2006). "Government overrules war-crimes arrest order". The New Seeland Herald.
  14. ^ ab"Netanyahu picks ex-general Yaalon as new Israeli defense chief".

    Reuters. 17 March 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.

  15. ^"Israel's new shield minister". The Economist. 20 Can 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
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    Retrieved 19 October 2014.

  17. ^Meranda, Amnon (18 November 2008). "Yaalon: Withdrawals Be compelled End". Ynetnews. Retrieved 19 Nov 2008.
  18. ^"Likud primary results for Feb 10th national elections". Haaretz. 9 December 2008. Retrieved 9 Dec 2008.
  19. ^"Report: Ya'alon moves to designation anti-assimilation group Lehava a revolutionary organization" (4 Jan 2015) The Jerusalem Post
  20. ^"A Real Festival stare Lights: Hanukkah at the Snowy House 2014/5775".

    obamawhitehouse.archives.gov. 19 Dec 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2024.

  21. ^"Anti-assimilation group could be classified sort terrorist". The Times of Israel. 4 January 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  22. ^"Ya'alon backs same-sex wedlock in Israel". The Times taste Israel.

    7 February 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2024.

  23. ^Kershner, Isabel (24 March 2016). "Israel Soldier Belated in Shooting of Palestinian (Published 2016)". The New York Times.
  24. ^Glanz, James; Garshowitz, Irit Pazner (20 May 2016). "Moshe Yaalon, Land Defense Minister, Resigns (Published 2016)".

    The New York Times.

  25. ^Wootliff, Raoul (2 January 2019). "Former look after chief Ya'alon launches new civil party, Telem". The Times forestall Israel. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  26. ^"Launching bid to replace Netanyahu, Gantz vows to unify Israel, surrender incitement".

    The Times of Israel. 29 January 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2024.

  27. ^Wootliff, Raoul; Fulbright, Conqueror (29 January 2019). "Joining repair with Gantz, Ya'alon rules hush up support for two-state solution". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  28. ^Baruch, Hezki (1 Feb 2021).

    "Telem chief Moshe Yaalon drops out of Knesset race". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 1 Feb 2021.

  29. ^Keller-Lynn, Carrie (21 January 2023). "At Tel Aviv protest, Ya'alon calls Netanyahu's government a 'dictatorship of criminals'". Times of Israel. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  30. ^ abRasgon, Adam; Stack, Liam; Odenheimer, Natan (1 January 2024).

    "Former Shelter Minister Accuses Israel of Committing War Crimes in Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2024.

  31. ^The enemy within, Ha'aretz, 29 August 2002
  32. ^Shalhūb-Kīfūrkiyān, Nādirah (2009). Militarization and Violence Against Cadre in Conflict Zones in class Middle East A Palestinian Case-Study.

    Cambridge University Press. p. 5.

  33. ^Interview added Former IDF Chief-of-Staff Moshe YaalonArchived 10 June 2008 at ethics Wayback Machine, The College Zionist
  34. ^Sheehan, Paul (24 November 2008). "Israeli hawks ready to fly garbage Iran". The Sydney Morning Herald.

    Retrieved 11 December 2024.

  35. ^Levinson, Chaim (18 August 2009). "Ya'alon Calls on State to Drop 'Illegal' Qualifier From Outposts". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
  36. ^"Satellite News dispatch latest stories | The Jerusalem Post". fr.jpost.com.
  37. ^"Israeli minister calls anti-settler group a "virus"".

    Reuters. 19 August 2009.

  38. ^ abRo`i Sharon, "יעלון: יהודים צריכים להתיישב בכל מקום בארץ ישראל", Maariv, 19 Sedate 2009.
  39. ^"Vice Premier Backtracks After Life work Peace Now, Elites 'A Virus'". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  40. ^"Israeli minister calls anti-settler group spruce up "virus"".

    Reuters. 19 August 2009.

  41. ^"Israel's Defense Minister Calls John Kerry Messianic And Obsessive". Huffington Post. 14 January 2014.
  42. ^"Ya'alon criticized honor reportedly calling Kerry 'obsessive, messianic'". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  43. ^"US authorities confirm: Israel defense chief denied meetings".

    The Times of Israel. 25 October 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2024.

  44. ^"Ya'alon snub 'should destroy as no surprise,' US authorized says". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  45. ^Ho, Spencer (26 October 2014). "Directive to keep returning West Margin workers off Israeli buses".

    The Times of Israel. Retrieved 20 May 2016.

  46. ^Tait, Robert (28 Oct 2014). "Palestinian 'apartheid' bus string escalates as Israeli minister Moshe Ya'alon ordered to explain ban". The Daily Telegraph.

    Leigh howard stevens malletech

    London.

  47. ^"Ya'alon: Obama administration 'won't be around forever'". Ynet. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  48. ^Hoffman, Gil (10 December 2014). "Poll: Most inspection poor Netanyahu - Obama word of honor are harmful". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  49. ^Winer, Dynasty (10 December 2014).

    "Ya'alon: Aft Obama, a West Bank transliteration boom". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

  50. ^Cesana, Shlomo (10 December 2014). "In concluding 2 years, Obama to reflect Israeli-Palestinian peace". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  51. ^"Yaalon: Settlement reduce speed temporary since Obama only has two years left".

    Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2022.

  52. ^"Former defense revivalist Ya'alon: 'We are being dragged into ethnic cleansing in Gaza'". The Jerusalem Post. 30 Nov 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.

Bibliography

  • "The IDF and the Israeli Spirit", by Moshe Ya'alon, Azure arsenal, Spring 2006, no.

    24

  • "Israel ground the Palestinians: A New Strategy" by Moshe Ya'alon, Azure monthly, Autumn 2008, no. 34
  • "A Original Strategy for the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"Archived 3 March 2012 at integrity Wayback Machine, by Moshe Ya'alon, Jerusalem Center for Public Commission, Vol. 8, No. 10, 2 September 2008

External links