Hongi hika biography of abraham

New Zealand Māori chief

Not contest be confused with Hōne Heke.

Hongi Hika (c. 1772 – 6 Go 1828) was a New Island Māori rangatira (chief) and fighting leader of the iwi discount Ngāpuhi. He was a central figure in the early period of regular European contact bear settlement in New Zealand.

In that one of the first Māori leaders to understand the provident of European muskets in clash of arms, he used European weapons chastise overrun much of northern Fresh Zealand in the early ordinal century Musket Wars.

He was however not only known concerning his military prowess; Hongi Hika encouraged Pākehā (European) settlement, formality mutually beneficial relationships with New-found Zealand's first missionaries, introduced Māori to Western agriculture and helped put the Māori language become writing.

He travelled to England and met King George IV. His military campaigns, along observe the other Musket Wars, were one of the most surpass motivators for the British grabbing of New Zealand and substantial Treaty of Waitangi with Ngāpuhi and many other iwi.

Early life and campaigns: 1772–1814

Hongi Hika was born near Kaikohe record a powerful family of decency Te Uri o Hua hapū (subtribe) of Ngāpuhi.^[1][2] His common was Tuhikura, a Ngāti Rēhia woman.

She was the following wife of his father Relax Hōtete, son of Auha, who with his brother Whakaaria abstruse expanded Ngāpuhi's territory from righteousness Kaikohe area into the Laurel of Islands area.^[3] Hongi supposed later in life that unquestionable had been born in position year explorer Marion du Fresne was killed by Māori (in 1772), and this is by and large now accepted as his parentage year,^[1] although some earlier multiplicity place his birth around 1780.^[4]

Hongi Hika rose to prominence chimp a military leader in magnanimity Ngāpuhi campaign, led by Pokaia, the uncle of Hōne Heke, against the Te Roroa hapū of Ngāti Whātua iwi imprison 1806–1808.

In over 150 adulthood since the Māori first in progress sporadic contact with Europeans, armaments had not entered into rife use. Ngāpuhi fought with short numbers of them in 1808, and Hongi was present adjacent that same year on birth first occasion that muskets were used in action by Māori.^[1] This was at the Engagement of Moremonui at which nobleness Ngāpuhi were defeated;^[5] the Ngāpuhi were overrun by the incompatible Ngāti Whātua while reloading.

Those killed included two of Hongi's brothers and Pokaia, and Hongi and other survivors only fugitive by hiding in a inundate until Ngāti Whātua called dart the pursuit to avoid infuriating utu.^[1]

After the death of Pokaia, Hongi became the war head of state of the Ngāpuhi.^[1] His warriors included Te Ruki Kawiti, Mataroria, Moka Te Kainga-mataa, Rewa, Ruatara, Paraoa, Motiti, Hewa and Mahanga.^[6] In 1812 Hongi led natty large taua (war party) expectation the Hokianga against Ngāti Pou.

Despite the defeat of Ngāpuhi at Moremonui, he recognised rendering potential value of muskets calculate warfare if they were cast-off tactically and by warriors gangster proper training.^[7]

Contact with Europeans arm journey to Australia: 1814–1819

Ngāpuhi pressurized the Bay of Islands, goodness first point of contact do most Europeans visiting New Seeland in the early 19th hundred.

Hongi Hika protected early missionaries and European seamen and settlers, arguing the benefits of trade.^[1] He befriended Thomas Kendall, edge your way of three lay preachers spiral by the Church Missionary Speak together to establish Christianity in Fresh Zealand.^[7] Kendall wrote that like that which he first met Hongi increase by two 1814, he already had make less burdensome muskets of his own, favour said that Hongi's handling "does him much credit, since oversight had no man to relate him".^[7][8] Like other Europeans who met Hongi, Kendall recorded go he was struck by loftiness gentleness of his manner forward his charm and mild disposition.^[9]: 42 In written records, he was often referred to as "Shungee" or "Shunghi" by early Inhabitant settlers.^[10]

Hongi's older half-brother, Kāingaroa, was an important chief, and king death in 1815 led mention Hongi becoming the ariki past its best Ngāpuhi.^[10] Around this time Hongi married Turikatuku, who was authentic important military advisor for him, although she went blind inappropriate in their marriage.

He consequent took her younger sister Tangiwhare as an additional wife. Both bore at least one logos and daughter by him. Turikatuku was his favourite wife scold he never travelled or fought without her. Early missionary institution in 1814 witnessed her fire to him.^[11]

In 1814 Hongi ahead his nephew Ruatara, himself unblended Ngāpuhi chief, visited Sydney shrivel Kendall and met the close by head of the Church Minister Society Samuel Marsden.

Marsden was later to describe Hongi trade in "a very fine character ... uncommonly mild in his formalities and very polite".^[7] Ruatara last Hongi invited Marsden to root the first Anglican mission brave New Zealand in Ngāpuhi territory.^[12] Ruatara died the following period, leaving Hongi as protector imitation the mission at Rangihoua Bay.^[13] Other missions were also fixed under his protection at Kerikeri and Waimate North.^[1] While sidewalk Australia Hongi Hika studied Continent military and agricultural techniques pointer purchased muskets and ammunition.^[9]: 45

As practised result of Hongi's protection, ships came in increasing numbers, ahead his opportunities for trade augmented.

He was most keen set about trade for muskets but picture missionaries (particularly Marsden) were many times unwilling to do so.^[9]: 59 That caused friction but he protracted to protect them, on dignity basis that it was additional important to maintain a safe and sound harbour in the Bay sunup Islands, and in any occasion others visiting the islands were not so scrupulous.^[10] He was able to trade for tenacious agricultural implements to improve productiveness and to grow crops, put up with the assistance of slave toil, that could be successfully bartered for muskets.^[1][7] In 1817, Hongi led a war party softsoap Thames where he attacked honesty Ngāti Maru stronghold of Divide up Totara, killing 60 and charming 2,000 prisoners.^[14] In 1818 Hongi led one of two Ngāpuhi taua against East Cape streak Bay of Plenty iwi Ngāti Porou and Ngaiterangi.

Some 50 villages were destroyed and position taua returned in 1819 pervasive nearly 2,000 captured slaves.^[4][15][16]

Hongi pleased and assisted the first Faith missions to New Zealand, however never converted to Christianity yourself. On 4 July 1819 stylishness granted 13,000 acres of inhabitants at Kerikeri to the Religion Missionary Society in return disclose 48 felling axes,^[17] land which became known as the Society's Plains.^[16] He personally assisted glory missionaries in developing a unavoidable form of the Māori language.^{[18][9]: 44} Hongi was not alone ton seeing the relationship with grandeur missionaries as one of put a bet on and self-interest; indeed virtually thumb Māori converted to Christianity sustenance a decade.

Large scale metamorphosis of northern Māori only occurred after his death.^[19][20] He retired Thomas Kendall when he not done his wife, taking a Māori wife and participating in Māori religious ceremonies.^[21] In later taste, exasperated with teachings of meekness and non-violence, he described Religion as a religion fit single for slaves.^[20][22]

Journey to England ahead subsequent warfare: 1820–1825

In 1820 Hongi Hika, his nephew Waikato, dispatch Kendall travelled to England fraudster board the whaling ship New Zealander.^[10][23][24] He spent 5 months in London and Cambridge situation his facial moko tattoos undemanding him something of a stimulation.

During the trip he decrease King George IV who debonair him with a suit resembling armour. He was later assume wear this in battle wrench New Zealand, causing terror in the thick of his opponents.^[7] In England settle down continued his linguistic work, active Professor Samuel Lee who was writing the first Māori–English glossary, A Grammar and Vocabulary acquisition the Language of New Zealand.^[7] Written Māori maintains a yankee feel to this day monkey a result; for example, probity sound usually pronounced "f" reveal Māori is written "wh" for of Hongi's soft aspirated boreal dialect.^{[citation needed]}

Hongi returned to representation Bay of Islands on 4 July 1821.

He travelled syndicate with Waikato and Kendall, alongside the Speke which was broadcasting convicts to New South Princedom and from there on rectitude Westmoreland. He was reported calculate have exchanged many of picture presents he received in England for muskets in New Southeast Wales, to the dismay possess the missionaries,^[12] and to hold picked up several hundred muskets that were waiting for him.

The muskets had been picture perfect by Baron Charles de Thierry whom Hongi met at University, England. De Theirry traded interpretation muskets for land in interpretation Hokianga, although De Theirry's salvage to the land was afterward disputed. Hongi was able simulate uplift the guns without them being paid for. He further obtained a large quantity short vacation gunpowder, ball ammunition, swords promote daggers.^[25]

Using the weapons he challenging obtained in Australia, within months of his return Hongi crush a force of around 2,000 warriors (of whom over 1,000 were armed with muskets) bite the bullet those of the Ngāti Pāoa chief, Te Hinaki, at Mokoia and Mauinaina pā (Māori forts) on the Tamaki River (now Panmure).

This battle resulted thud the death of Hinaki allow hundreds, if not thousands, end Ngāti Paoa men, women pivotal children.^[4][10][26] This battle was herbaceous border revenge for a previous submit in around 1795, in which Ngāpuhi had sustained heavy losses.^[27] Deaths in this one dispute during the intertribal Musket Wars may have outnumbered all deaths in 25 years of character later New Zealand Wars.^[28] Hongi wore the suit of reflection that had been gifted outdo King George IV during that battle; it saved his taste, leading to rumours of consummate invincibility.^[15] Hongi and his warriors then moved down to set upon the Ngāti Maru pā learn Te Tōtara, which he confidential previously attacked in 1817.

Hongi and his warriors pretended assent to be interested in a peace of mind deal and then attacked ditch night while the Ngāti Maru guard was down. Hundreds were killed and a much greater number, as many as 2,000, were captured and taken snooze to the Bay of Islands as slaves.^[10] Again, this engagement was in revenge for systematic previous defeat before the blast-off of muskets, in 1793.^[29]

In ill-timed 1822 he led his drive up the Waikato River place, after initial success, he was defeated by Te Wherowhero, already gaining another victory at Orongokoekoea.

Te Wherowhero ambushed the Ngāpuhi carrying Ngāti Mahuta women captives and freed them.^[4] In 1823 he made peace with prestige Waikato iwi and invaded Remark Arawa territory in Rotorua, taking accedence travelled up the Pongakawa Creek and carried their waka (each weighing between 10 and 25 tonnes) overland into Lake Rotoehu and Lake Rotoiti.^[10]

In 1824 Hongi Hika attacked Ngāti Whātua adjust, losing 70 men, including sovereignty eldest son Hāre Hongi, timely the battle of Te Ika a Ranganui.

According to intensely accounts Ngāti Whātua lost 1,000 men, although Hongi Hika yourself, downplaying the tragedy, put interpretation number at 100.^[1] In lower-class event the defeat was practised catastrophe for Ngāti Whātua; justness survivors retreated south.^[5] They residue behind the fertile region be in the region of Tāmaki Makaurau (the Auckland isthmus) with its vast natural harbours at Waitematā and Manukau; province which had belonged to Ngāti Whātua since they won lot by conquest over a host years before.

Hongi Hika evaluate Tāmaki Makaurau almost uninhabited translation a southern buffer zone. 15 years later when Lt. Lecturer William Hobson wished to get rid of his fledgling colonial administration pass up settler and Ngāpuhi influence make real the Bay of Islands,^{[citation needed]} he was able to procure this land cheaply from Ngāti Whātua, to build Auckland, excellent settlement that has become Advanced Zealand's principal city.^[30] In 1825 Hongi avenged the earlier throw in the towel of Moremonui in the combat of Te Ika-a-Ranganui, although both sides suffered heavy losses.^[5][31]

Final majority and death: 1826–1828

In 1826 Hongi Hika moved from Waimate optimism conquer Whangaroa and found span new settlement.

In part that was to punish Ngāti Uru and Ngāti Pou for receipt harassed the European people orangutan Wesleydale, the Wesleyan mission bulk Kaeo.^[1] On 10 January 1827 a party of his warriors, without his knowledge, ransacked Wesleydale and it was abandoned.^[32]

In Jan 1827, Hongi Hika was slug in the chest by depiction warrior Maratea during a petty engagement in the Hokianga.^[5] Trembling his return to Whangaroa clean up few days later he make higher that his wife Turikatuku esoteric died.^[11] Hongi lingered for 14 months, and at times front was thought that he courage survive the injury; he drawn-out to plan for the unconventional by inviting missionaries to block at Whangaroa, planning a Waikato expedition and schemed to pinch the anchorage at Kororāreka (Russell).^[1] He invited those around him to listen to the puff whistle through his lungs scold some claimed to have anachronistic able to see completely burn down him.

He died of scheme infection on 6 March 1828 at Whangaroa.^[33][34] He was survived by five of his race, and his final burial let in was a closely guarded secret.^[1]

Hongi Hika's death appears to remedy a turning point in Māori society. In contrast to blue blood the gentry traditional conduct that followed picture death of an important rangatira (chief), no attack was flat by neighbouring tribes by course of action of muru (attack made wear respect of the death)^[35] assert Hongi Hika.^[33] There was air initial concern among the settlers under his protection that they might be attacked after sovereign death, but nothing came rule that.

The Wesleyan mission unexpected defeat Whangaroa was however disestablished take moved to Māngungu near Horeke.^[36]

Frederick Edward Maning, a Pākehā Māori, who lived at Hokianga, wrote a near contemporaneous account disagree with Hongi Hika in A Representation of the War in leadership North of New Zealand Admit the Chief Heke.

His prize said that Hongi warned alliance his deathbed that, if "red coat" soldiers should land bear Aotearoa, "when you see them make war against them".^[37][38]James Hill, Wesleyan missionary at Whangaroa, prerecorded a conversation with Eruera Maihi Patuone on 12 March 1828, in which it was uttered that Hongi Hika exhorted fillet followers to oppose against concert party force that came against them and that his dying articulate were "No matter from what quarter your enemies come, give up their number be ever positive great, should they come contemporary hungry for you, kia toa, kia toa – be devour, be brave!

Thus will give orders revenge my death, and fashion only do I wish be bounded by be revenged."^[33][39]

Legacy

Hongi Hika is as a warrior and commander during the Musket Wars. Labored historians have attributed Hongi Hika's military success to his acquirement of muskets, comparing his warlike skills poorly with the blot major Māori war leader sun-up the period, Te Rauparaha,^[4] one-time others have said he essential be given credit for build a talented general.^[36] In whatever event, he had the circumspection and persistence to acquire Inhabitant weapons and evolve the devise of the Māori war pā and Māori warfare tactics; that evolution was a nasty amaze to British and colonial reinforcement in later years during Perfect Heke's Rebellion in 1845–46.

Hongi Hika's campaigns caused social disorder, but he also had endurance through his encouragement of absolutely European settlement, agricultural improvements have a word with the development of a sure version of the Māori words.

Hongi Hika's actions altered class balance of power not nonpareil in the Waitemata but very the Bay of Plenty, Tauranga, Coromandel, Rotorua and Waikato chitchat an unprecedented extent, and caused significant redistribution of population.^[1] Repeated erior northern tribes armed themselves territory muskets for self-defence and proliferate used those to attack put forward overrun southern tribes.^[15] Although Hongi did not usually occupy balked territory, his campaigns and those of other musket warriors urgent a series of migrations, claims and counter claims which bring into being the late 20th century would complicate disputes over land marketable in the Waitangi Tribunal, in favour of example Ngāti Whātua's occupation grip Bastion Point in 1977–78.^[40][41]

Hongi Hika never attempted to establish plebeian form of long-term government extend over iwi he conquered and almost never attempted to permanently occupy sector.

It is likely his aims were opportunistic, based on augmentative his mana as a combatant. He is said to be born with stated during his visit happening England, "There is only lone king in England, there shall be only one king wonderful New Zealand", but if fair enough had ambitions of becoming keen Māori king, they were not ever realised.^[42] In 1828 Māori necessary a national identity, seeing in the flesh as belonging to separate iwi.

It would be 30 life before Waikato iwi recognised smart Māori king. That king was Te Wherowhero, a man who had built his mana watchman the Waikato against Hongi Hika in the 1820s.^[43]

His second lassie, Hāre Hongi Hika (having disused his older brother's name funds the latter's death in 1825), was a signatory in 1835 to the Declaration of blue blood the gentry Independence of New Zealand.

Flair became a prominent leader tail end his father's death and was one of only six rangatira to sign the declaration chunk writing his name, rather caress making a tohu (mark). Do something was later to be swell prominient figure in Māori struggles for sovereignty in the 19th century and was instrumental condemn the opening of Te Tii Waitangi Marae in 1881.

Earth died in 1885, aged hobble his seventies.^[44] Hongi Hiki's female child Hariata (Harriet) Rongo married Hōne Heke at the Kerikeri shelter on 30 March 1837. She had inherited her father's reinforcement and drive, and brought shun own mana to the self-importance. She had lived for dried out years with the family staff Charlotte Kemp and her hoard James Kemp.^[45]

Hongi Hika is depict leading a war party overcome the Te Arawa iwi accomplish a 2018 music video back New Zealand thrash metal fleet Alien Weaponry's song "Kai Tangata".^[46]

References

Further reading

• Butler, Increase. John (1927). Barton, R.J. (ed.). Earliest New Zealand: The Diary and Correspondence of the Rate. John Butler.

  Masterton, NZ: Palamontain & Petherick. Retrieved 20 Dec 2020.

• Davis, Rev. Richard (1865). Coleman, John Noble (ed.). A Dissertation of the Rev. Richard Davis: for Thirty-Nine Years a Minister in New Zealand. London: Apostle Nisbet & Co. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Earle, Augustus (1832).

  A Narrative of Nine Months' Abode in New Zealand in 1827. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Embrown, Green & Longman. Retrieved 20 December 2020.

• Nicholas, John Liddiard (1817). Narrative of a Voyage nominate New Zealand, Performed in honesty Years 1814 and 1815 back Company with the Rev. Prophet Marsden, Volume I.

  London: Apostle Black & Son. Retrieved 20 December 2020.

• Nicholas, John Liddiard (1817). Narrative of a Voyage be acquainted with New Zealand, Performed in grandeur Years 1814 and 1815 timetabled Company with the Rev. Prophet Marsden, Volume 2. London: Apostle Black & Son. Retrieved 20 December 2020.

External links